Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry: Chemicals, Processes And Applications

April 21, 2024
Carboxylic Acids

Protocatechuic Acid: Properties, Production and Uses

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, also known as protocatechuic acid, is a naturally occurring organic acid with the formula C7H6O4. It is a white or slightly off-white crystalline solid that is soluble in some organic solvents like ethanol and ether, but insoluble in water.

August 5, 2024
Chemicals

Uses of Antioxidants

Antioxidants are used in four primary categories of substrates: foods, fuels, lubricants, and polymers. Each category has its own specific antioxidant products, but some antioxidants can be used in multiple categories.

April 21, 2024
Chemicals

Antraquinone Neutral Dyes

Neutral dyes are those that do not change the pH of the solution in which they are dissolved. They are often used to dye synthetic fibers, such as polyester and nylon, which are not affected by acidic or alkaline dyes.

April 20, 2024
Inorganic Compounds

Antimony Trioxide: Production, Uses and Toxicology

Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a white crystalline powder with a molar mass of 291.52 g/mol and a melting point of 656°C. It has two forms: senarmontite (below 570°C) and valentinite (above 570°C).

April 20, 2024
Chemicals

Antifreeze: Properties, Production and Uses

Antifreeze is a substance used to lower the freezing point of water or water-based liquids. It is most commonly used to protect internal combustion engines from freezing, but it also has other applications in refrigeration, heat transfer systems, water heaters, and more.

April 20, 2024
Chemicals

Toxicology of arsenic compounds

Arsenic compounds are generally toxic, especially inorganic ones. Some organic arsenic compounds used as chemical weapons are also highly toxic, but naturally occurring organic arsenic compounds in seafood are less so.

April 20, 2024
Inorganic Compounds

Arsenic Trioxide: Production and Uses

Arsenic trioxide, also known as white arsenic, is a highly toxic substance with a chemical formula of As2O3 and a molecular weight of 197.8 g/mol. It exists in three forms: two crystalline and one amorphous.

October 29, 2024
Organic Chemicals

Anthraquinone: Properties, Production and Uses

Anthraquinone is an organic compound with the formula C₁₄H₈O₂. It is a yellow, crystalline solid that is nearly insoluble in water and organic solvents at room temperature. Its solubility increases with temperature.

July 21, 2024
Organic Chemicals

Anthracene: Properties, Production and Uses

Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C14H10 that is composed of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar and was discovered in 1832 by J. Dumas and H. A. Laurent. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation.

October 29, 2024
Organic Chemicals

Benzal Chloride: Properties, Production and Uses

Benzal chloride (C6H5CHCl2) is a colorless liquid that is synthesized by chlorinating the side chain of toluene. It is also known as dichloromethylbenzene, α,α-dichlorotoluene, or benzylidene chloride. The first synthesis of benzal chloride was reported in 1848 by A. Cahours, who reacted benzaldehyde with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5).

April 18, 2024
Organic Chemicals

Benzyl Chloride: Properties, Production and Uses

Benzyl chloride, also known as α-chlorotoluene, is a toluene derivative with chlorine substitution in the side chain. It is a colorless liquid withthe chemical formula C7H7Cl.

September 11, 2023
Chemicals

Aniline Resins

Aniline resins are a type of resin that is formed by the reaction of formaldehyde and aromatic amines. The initial step in this reaction, known as hydroxymethylation, occurs in an alkaline environment and produces a basic condensate.