Piperidine, also known by other names such as hexahydropyridine, pentamethyleneimine, azacyclohexane, cyclopentimine, cypentil, and hexazane, is a secondary cyclic amine with the chemical formula C5H11N. It is a colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor typical of amines.
Cyclohexylamine, also known as aminocyclohexane, is an aliphatic primary amine with the molecular formula C6H13N. It is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and common organic solvents.
Ethylamine, also known as ethanamine, is a primary aliphatic amine with the chemical formula C2H5NH2. It is a flammable gas at room temperature with an ammonia-like odor.
Butyric acid, also known as n-butanoic acid, is a short-chain volatile fatty acid with the chemical formula C4H8O2. It is a colorless, oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor that is missible with water and most organic solvents.
Mandelic acid, also known as α-hydroxyphenylacetic acid or phenylglycolic acid, is an aromatic alpha-hydroxy acid with the chemical formula C8H8O3. It is a white crystalline powder with a faint sweet odor.
Gallic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, is a hydroxyaromatic acid with the chemical formula C7H6O5. It is a white solid but often appears brown due to oxidation that is soluble in alcohol and polar solvents. It was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1786.
Malic acid, also known as hydroxysuccinic acid or hydroxybutanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C4H6O5. It is a naturally occurring organic compound characterized by a tart taste.
Acetonedicarboxylic acid, also known as 3-oxoglutaric acid, 3-oxopentane dicarboxylic acid, or β-ketoglutaric acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula C5H6O5. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol.
Levulinic acid, also known as 4-oxopentanoic acid or γ-ketovaleric acid, is the simplest and most important γ-oxocarboxylic acid with the formula C5H8O3. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents.
Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, pyroracemic acid, or α-ketopropionic acid, is an important α-oxocarboxylic acid with the formula C3H4O3. It is a colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of acetic acid that plays an important role in energy metabolism in living organisms.
Succinic acid, also known as butanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C4H6O4. It is a colorless crystalline solid that is found in amber, in numerous plants (e.g., algae, lichens, rhubarb, and tomatoes), and in many lignites.
Ethylbenzene, also known as phenylethane, is a single-ring alkylaromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C8H10. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor.